HOW TO MANAGE YOUR TIME EFFECTIVELY

The two most powerful warriors are patience and time
Tolstoy

Why use time management skills?

It's important that you develop effective strategies for managing your time to balance the conflicting demands of time for study, leisure, earning money and jobhunting. Time management skills are valuable in jobhunting, but also in many other aspects of life: from revising for examinations to working in a vacation job.
Sometimes it may seem that there isn't enough time to do everything that you need to. This can lead to a build up of stress. When revising for examinations, or during your final year when you have to combine the pressures of intensive study with finding time to apply for jobs good management of your time can be particularly important. Once we have identified ways in which we can improve the management of our time, we can begin to adjust our routines and patterns of behaviour to reduce any time-related stress in our lives.

What skills are required for effective time management?

Some of these skills including setting clear goals, breaking your goals down into discreet steps, and reviewing your progress towards your goals are covered in Action Planning.
Other skills involved include prioritising - focusing on urgent and important tasks rather than those that are not important or don't move you towards your goals; organising your work schedule; list making to remind you of what you need to do when; persevering when things are not working out and avoiding procrastination.

TIME MANAGEMENT QUESTIONNAIRE

Here is an exercise which will help you to identify areas in which you might be able to improve your time management and action planning and give you strategies to help you to do this.Try to answer the 40 questions as honestly as you can.
Click on "First Question" to begin. Answer ALL the questions. You can go back to change your answers by clicking on the previous question button.

	Rarely	Sometimes	Frequently	Always
Score:

      

Your score

Your score can be from 0 to a maximum of 15 on each of eight areas. Make a note of your score or print out the page and then see below to find out what these roles involve. Click on any of the topics below to find out how to improve your skills in this area.

Setting goals Breaking tasks down into steps Prioritising Using lists

Persevering when things get difficult Organising your work and meeting deadlines Revising for examinations Avoiding procrastination

Using Lists

Keeping a to-do List

TO DO Work Write up lecture notes. *Prepare for seminar on Thursday Decide on subject for project Go to library to get material for essay. Other *Pay rent Research employers I want to apply to. Card for Sue's birthday Prepare draft CV Buy iron Get two tickets for concert Visit Simon Go to bank

You should have a reminder system to tell you of when you need to do what: don't try to remember everything in your head as this is a recipe for disaster! Carry a pen and paper or organiser wherever you go. At the simplest level your reminder system could simply be to use your diary to write down the things you need to do, including appointments and deadlines. Before interviews, it's fine to write down the questions you wish to ask on a small piece of card or notepad
"To stay on schedule I devised a timetable which I had to stick to. I used an electronic calendar which I programmed to send out emails as reminders to myself and my team. This was a very useful tool and it is one that I have used continuously to manage my time effectively." Kent student.
A daily list of tasks that need to be done is an essential part of action planning. Refer to and update this regularly. Prioritise items on the list into important/not important and urgent/non-urgent. Such a list can take a variety of formats but an example is given to the right. Update your list daily, crossing off completed tasks and adding new tasks that need to be done. Urgent or important tasks can be highlighted with an asterisk.

Advantages of using a to do list

• Focuses your mind on important objectives
• You are less likely to forget to do tasks
• Writing a list helps order your thoughts
• It helps show the bigger picture
• You don't need to hold everything in your head.
• It saves time
• It helps you decide on priorities: the most important and the most urgent
• You are less likely to become sidetracked
• You get the reward of ticking off your achievements
• You feel more in control
• You have a record of what you've done
• You always have something to work on

Setting Goals

Set yourself specific and clearly defined goals, and make sure that these are realistic and achievable. To do this, you first need to examine your present situation and assess what goals are important to you and what action you need to take to achieve your target. Have a contingency plan or alternative route to your goal in case you have to change your plans, for example, taking a relevant postgraduate course if you can't get a job. See Action Planning.

In a survey by Accountemps 150 executives were asked, “On which day of the week are employees most productive?” Their responses: Monday 12% Tuesday 57% Wednesday 11% Thursday 11% Friday 3% Don't know 6%

Prioritising

Efficiency and effectiveness are not the same. Someone who works hard and is well organised but spends all their time on unimportant tasks may be efficient but not effective. To be effective, you need to decide what tasks are urgent and important and to focus on these. This is called prioritising. It's important to list the tasks you have and to sort these in order of priority, and then to devote most time to the most important tasks. This avoids the natural tendency to concentrate on the simple, easy tasks and to allow too many interruptions to your work.
Differentiate also between urgent and important tasks: an urgent task may not necessarily be important! When jobhunting, you won't be able to apply to every employer. You will need to carefully prioritise those you wish to apply to, based upon factors such as closing date, location, degree class required, and chances of getting in.

Avoiding Procrastination

In the professional environment people are so easily distracted by ‘noise’. Whether it’s emails, admin or politics, there will always be something that seems so much more important than the actual task. More often than not, people will get caught up with the nice to have activity rather than the critical work which creates more value for the business. Being ruthlessly focused means you have the ability to cancel out this noise and focus on what is important. It’s a strength in itself to be able to say something is not critical.

James Caan

“Never leave that till tomorrow which you can do today.” Benjamin Franklin

Procrastination is the scourge of action planning. It's important that you manage 'Your fear of doing things' you don't want to do and realise that the fear is often far worse than any possible negative results. Try to take decisions immediately when possible and when you don't need to gather more information pertinent to the decision. The best time to do something is usually NOW. Taking action generates the impetus for further action. Many applications to prestigious employers now need to be made in the first term of your final year and if you procrastinate you'll miss the deadlines.

Breaking down tasks

Break goals down into their components so that you can accomplish them one step at a time. Write these steps down, and try to be as specific as you can when you do this. Try to complete one task before you go on to the next.

A mountain is climbed one step at a time .........

Reward yourself for achieving these goals to maintain your enthusiasm. For example, when you are invited to your first interview, treat yourself to a good meal with friends. Regularly review your progress towards your goals and revise plans as appropriate to take account of unforeseen changes.

Persevering

Inevitably, things will not always run smoothly as you progress towards your goals. When things are not working out, you need to persevere and learn how to take a positive attitude towards frustration and failure.
Mistakes are a crucial part of any creative process and each is a lesson leading you towards the right solution. Fear of making or admitting mistakes is a major handicap to taking effective action. It is said that the people who have achieved the most have made the most mistakes! Try to be aware that satisfaction comes as much from pursuing goals as from achieving them.
Work at effective strategies to deal with pressure - these can vary from taking exercise, to relaxation techniques such as Yoga, to simply sharing problems with friends. Being assertive can also help here, for example, politely saying no to the demands of others when you are pushed for time. Sharing tasks and problems with others will spread the burden and will bring a fresh perspective to them.

Organising your time

Identify areas of your life where you are wasting time and try to reduce these. A good way to do this is to log everything you do for a week in meticulous detail and then examine your record to see how you use (or misuse!) your time.
Develop a regular work routine. Keep your work space tidy so that you can work efficiently - it's hard to do this if things you need to find are buried under a pile of paper! Work to schedule so that you meet deadlines in good time - don't leave everything until the last minute. If you have a difficult essay to write, start by drafting out the structure first- this will break the ice.
When applying for jobs keep copies of all the applications you have made and keep a log of the date you applied, result, and a record of all your interviews, plus you were questions asked. This will help you to keep track of your progress and spot areas where you could improve.

USING A TIME LOG

Monday 8.30 Get up 9.00 Breakfast 9.30 Read newspaper 10.00 Lecture 11.00 Coffee with friends 11.30 Work in library 12.30 Lunch 1.30 Careers Information Room 2.00 Lecture 3.00 Seminar 4.00 Sports Centre 5.00 Dinner 6.00 Listening to music at home 7.00 Work on CV 7.30 Chatting with neighbour 8.30 Union Bar 11.00 Party at Abigails 2.00 Home and bed

One useful way to eliminate wasted time is to use a time log. First you need to make up a chart for the next seven days divided into half hour intervals starting at the time you get up and finishing at the time you go to bed. Write down what you did in each half hour of the day for the next seven days. Choose a typical week. An example for one day is given to the right.
At the end of the week examine your time log and ask yourself the following questions:

• Are there any periods that I could use more productively?

• At what time of day do I do my most effective work? Some people are most alert in the morning, whilst others concentrate best during the afternoon or evening. Schedule your most important tasks for these times of day.
  

A time log can be particularly useful at times of pressure, for example, when revising for examinations or jobhunting during your final year.
By now you should have been able to identify ways in which you could manage your time more efficiently, and know some techniques to allow you to do this. You might like to look at the section on action planning which identifies other ways of organising your work so that you achieve your goals.
One way that employers may measure your time management skills at interview is via an in-tray exercise.

Revising for examinations

Have a regular venue for revision such as the library where you are free from distractions. You should after a while become conditioned to starting work immediately in this location. Plan out a revision schedule or timetable so you devote enough time to each subject.
Summarise your lecture notes and use diagrams and graphics where appropriate - a picture is worth a thousand words! Use a highlighter pen or underlining to emphasise key facts. For last minute revision, make minimal notes occupying no more than a couple of sides of A4 and record key facts, diagrams and formulae.
Use past examination papers when revising to familiarise 'yourself with the sort of questions that might be asked. When revising, take a few minutes break every so often to clear and refresh your mind and allow some time off for complete relaxation.

Further Information

• See the other pages in this skills section for information on different employability skills and how to develop them
• LifeCoachExpert www.lifecoachexpert.co.uk  contains over 80 articles focused on improving your life.

“Well done is better than well said.” Benjamin Franklin or to paraphrase this in modern terms, "Don't talk the talk, instead walk the walk". Some people constantly talk about the things they are going to do but then keep procrastinating. Take action if you wish to get results.

A stitch in time would have confused Einstein.

If it weren't for time, everything would happen at once.